VAT: Registration & Schemes
When you must register for VAT, when it pays to register voluntarily, and which VAT scheme keeps your admin light and your cash flow healthy.
- VAT threshold
- £90,000
- VAT rates
- 20% · 5% · 0%
- Flat rate (limited cost)
- 16.5%
When you must register
You must register for VAT once your taxable turnover passes £90,000 in any rolling 12-month period — or if you expect to pass it within the next 30 days. It is a rolling test, not your accounting year.
Miss the deadline and HMRC can backdate your registration and charge the VAT you should have collected.
Registering voluntarily
You can register before you reach the threshold. Whether it pays off depends on who your customers are:
- You can reclaim VAT on your costs and start-up spend
- It can look more established to business customers
- But you must add 20% to your prices — which hurts if you sell to the public
Voluntary registration usually pays off when your customers are themselves VAT-registered.
The VAT rates
Not everything is taxed at 20%:
- Standard rate 20% — most goods and services
- Reduced rate 5% — domestic fuel, some energy-saving work
- Zero rate 0% — most food, children's clothes, books
- Exempt — insurance, finance, some education (no VAT, and you cannot reclaim)
Zero-rated and exempt are not the same — zero-rated still lets you reclaim input VAT.
Standard vs Flat Rate Scheme
On the standard scheme you charge 20%, reclaim VAT on costs, and pay the difference. The Flat Rate Scheme pays a fixed percentage of gross turnover and simplifies admin — but "limited cost traders" with low goods spend pay 16.5%, which rarely beats standard.
The Flat Rate Scheme suits low-cost service businesses — check the limited-cost rule before joining.
Cash and annual accounting
Two schemes that ease the admin and cash-flow burden:
- Cash Accounting — account for VAT when you are paid, not when you invoice
- Annual Accounting — one return a year with instalments
- Both are open to businesses under £1.35m turnover
Making Tax Digital for VAT
Every VAT-registered business must keep digital records and file through MTD-compatible software.
Spreadsheets are fine if they connect to bridging software — but the link to HMRC must be digital.
Common questions
What is the VAT registration threshold?
£90,000 of taxable turnover in any rolling 12-month period for 2026/27. You must also register if you expect to pass it within the next 30 days.
Should I register for VAT voluntarily?
Often yes if your customers are VAT-registered businesses, because you can reclaim VAT on costs without losing competitiveness. If you sell to the public, adding 20% can cost you sales.
Is the Flat Rate Scheme worth it?
It simplifies admin, but limited-cost traders pay 16.5% of gross turnover, which often beats little. Compare it against the standard scheme on your real numbers first.
Get expert eyes on your tax
Book a free 30-minute Tax Health Check — we review your situation, sense-check the figures and show you where you could save.
For guidance only — this factsheet does not constitute professional advice and is not a substitute for advice based on your specific circumstances. Whilst every care has been taken in its preparation, it may contain errors for which we cannot be responsible. Figures are for the 2026/27UK tax year (England, Wales & Northern Ireland) and may change. Last reviewed 25 October 2025.